OS

Unit-1

Operating System: An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.

Services

An Operating System provides services to both the users and to the programs. It provides programs, an environment to execute. It provides users, services to execute the programs in a convenient manner.
Types:

• User interface
  1. Graphical User Interface(GUI)
  2. Command Line Interface(CLI)
• Program execution
• I/O operations
• File System manipulation
• Communication
• Error Detection
• Resource Allocation
• Protection

Objectives

1. Convenience
2. Efficiency
3. Ability to evolve

Structure

1. Simple
2. Layered

Simple Structure

Application program
| |
System Program
| |
Device Drivers
| |
BIOS Device Drivers

Operations

Modern operating systems are Interrupt driven. If there are no processes to execute, no I/O devices to service, and no users to whom to respond, an operating system will sit quietly, waiting for something to happen. Events are almost always signaled by the occurrence of an interrupt or trap.

Dual-mode Operation

To ensure proper operation, we must protect the operating system and all other programs and their data from any malfunctioning program. Protection is needed for any shared resource. The approach taken is to provide hardware support to allow us to differentiate among various modes of executions.

1. User Mode
2. Kernel Mode

System Calls

System calls provide an interface to the services made available by an operating system.
Types

1. Process Control
2. File Manipulation
3. Device Manipulation
4. Information Maintenance
5. Communication

Process Control

A running program needs to be able to halt its execution either normally (end) or abnormally (abort). If a system call is made to terminate the currently running program abnormally, or if the program runs into a problem and causes an error trap, a dump of memory is sometimes taken and an error message generated and it can be examined with a debugger
System calls:

• end, abort
• load, execute
• create process, terminate process
• get process attributes, set process attributes
• wait for time
• wait event, signal event
• allocate and free memory

File Management

• create file, delete file
• open, close file
• read, write, reposition
• get and set file attributes

Device management

• request device, release device
• read, write, reposition
• get device attributes, set device attributes

Information Maintenance

• get time or date, set time or date
• get system data, set system data
• get and set process, file, or device attributes

Communication

There are two common models of interprocess communications:

1. Message passing model
2. shared –memory model.

System calls:

• create, delete communication connection
• send, receive messages
• transfer status information
• attach and detach remote devices

Unit-2

Process: A program in execution is called as process

Process States

• New
• Ready
• Run
• Block / wait
• Completion / Termination

Process Control Block(PCB)

• Process ID
• Process state
• Process priority
• Pointer
• Program counter
• CPU Registers
• I/O information
• Accounting information

Scheduling

• FCFS
• SJF
• SRTF
• RR

Critical Section Problem

Critical Section is the part of a program which tries to access shared resources. That resource may be any resource in a computer like a memory location, Data structure, CPU or any IO device.

• Bound buffer
• Dining philosopher
• Read writer problem

Unit-3

Paging

Main memory is divided into a number of equal-size blocks, are called frames. Each process is divided into a number of equal-size block of the same length as frames, are called Pages. A process is loaded by loading all of its pages into available frames

Segmentation

Segmentation is a memory-management scheme that supports user view of memory.

Virtual Memory

Virtual memory is a technique that allows the execution of processes that may not be completely in memory. Only part of the program needs to be in memory for execution. It means that Logical address space can be much larger than physical address space. Virtual memory allows processes to easily share files and address spaces, and it provides an efficient mechanism for process creation.

Unit-4

FILE: A file is a named collection of related information that is recorded on secondary storage

File Attributes

1. Name
2. Identifier
3. Type
4. Size
5. Protection
6. Location
7. Time, Date and User Identification

File Operations

A file is an abstract data type .To define a file properly, we need to consider the operations that can be performed on files. The operating system can provide system calls to create, write, read, reposition, delete, and truncate files.

1. Creating a file
2. Writing a file
3. Reading a file
4. Repositioning within a file
5. Deleting a file
6. Truncating a file

File Types

File type refers to the ability of the operating system to distinguish different types of file such as text files, source files and binary files etc. Many operating systems support many types of files. Operating system like MS-DOS and UNIX have the following types of files

File Structure

File System provide efficient access to the disk by allowing data to be stored, located and retrieved in a convenient way. A file System must be able to store the file, locate the file and retrieve the file. Application program
|
Logical File System
|
File Organisation Module
|
Basic File System
|
I/O Control
|
Devices

File Access Methods

Files store information. When it is used, this information must be accessed and read into computer memory. The information in the file can be accessed in several ways. Some systems provide only one access method for files. While others support many access methods, and choosing the right one for a particular application is a major design problem.

1. Sequential Access
2. Direct Access
3. Other Access

Directories

The directory can be viewed as a symbol table that translates file names into their directory entries.

1. Single-level Directory
2. Two-level Directory
3. Tree-Structured Directory
4. Acyclic-Graph Directory

File System Mounting

The basic idea behind mounting file systems is to combine multiple file systems into one large tree structure. The mount procedure is straightforward. The operating system is given the name of the device and the mount point—the location within the file structure where the file system is to be attached.

File Sharing

1. Multiple Users
2. Remote File Systems
3. Client-Server Mode
4. Distributed Information System

Mass Storage System

Systems designed to store enormous volumes of data are referred to as mass storage devices. Massive storage devices are sometimes used interchangeably with peripheral storage, which is the management of bigger volumes of data that are larger than the native storage capability of a computer or device.
The basic idea of Mass Storage is to create a Data Backup or Data Recovery System.

1. Magnetic Disks
2. Solid State Drives
3. Magnetic Tapes

Unit-5

Dead Locks

A Deadlock is a situation where each of the computer process waits for a resource which is being assigned to some another process.

Conditions

1. Mutual Exclusion
2. Hold and wait
3. No preemption
4. Circular wait

Handling Deadlock

1. Deadlock Ignorance
2. Deadlock Prevention
3. Deadlock Avoidance
4. Deadlock Detection and Recovery

Access Matrix

The Access Matrix is a security model for a computer system’s protection state. It is described as a matrix. An access matrix is used to specify the permissions of each process running in the domain for each object. The rows of the matrix represent domains, whereas the columns represent objects. Every matrix cell reflects a set of access rights granted to domain processes, i.e., each entry (i, j) describes the set of operations that a domain Di process may invoke on object Oj.